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Midland American English
Midland American English refers to an American English dialect found in a broad swath of the central United States, with exact boundaries unclear and debated among linguists, likely due to the fact that this dialect shows no uniform sound shift. In fact, the (North) Midland dialect, arguably, most closely approximates General American, or is becoming the "default" for a General American system.〔 However, the early twentieth-century boundaries established for the Midland dialect region are being reduced or revised, since several previous sub-regions of Midland speech have now formed their own distinct dialects. Pennsylvania, the original home of the Midland dialect, is one such area, having developed such unique dialects as Philadelphia and Pittsburgh English.〔
==Definition==
The region spanned by Midland American English was first defined by Hans Kurath (''A Word Geography of the Eastern United States'', 1949) as being spoken in an area centered on central Pennsylvania and expanding westward to include most of Pennsylvania and some westernmost parts of the Appalachian Mountains. Kurath and McDavid (''The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States'', 1961) later divided this region into two discrete subdivisions: the "North Midland" beginning north of the Ohio River valley area and extending westward into central Indiana, central Illinois, Iowa, and northern Missouri, as well as parts of Nebraska and northern Kansas ; and the "South Midland", which extends south of the Ohio River and expands westard to include Kentucky, Southern Indiana, Southern Illinois, southern Missouri, Arkansas, southern Kansas, and Oklahoma, west of the Mississippi river.
Craig M. Carver (''American Regional Dialects: A Word Geography'', 1987) essentially renamed the North Midland the ''Lower North'' and the South Midland the ''Upper South''. All these classifications were mostly based on lexical features.
Labov, Ash, and Boberg (''The Atlas of North American English'', 2006), based solely on phonology and phonetics, defined the Midland area as a buffer zone between the Inland North and the South; this area essentially coincides with Kurath and McDavid's North Midland, the "South Midland" being now reckoned as part of the South. Indeed, while the lexical and grammatical isoglosses follow the Appalachian Mountains, the accent boundary follows the Ohio River.
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